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El gran músico la compuso tras un grave terremoto en Calabria
Vía: www.religionenlibertad.com | Por Cari Filii | Traducido por Elena Faccia Serrano.
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Acaba de cumplirse, el 9 de agosto, un siglo de la muerte del compositor Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857-1919), autor de numerosas óperas entre las que destaca Pagliacci [Payasos]. También compuso un Ave María para ayudar a los damnificados por un terremoto en Calabria que también dañó gravemente una iglesia de su Calabria natal. Leoncavallo recibió por esta obra el agradecimiento del Papa San Pío X. Lo cuenta el compositor y pianista Massimo Scapin en La Nuova Bussola Quotidiana, en un artículo traducido por el portal mariano Cari Filii:
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Foto autógrafa de Ruggero Leoncavallo durante una estancia en Nueva York en 1906. Junto a una dedicatoria al doctor Howard Whiteside, el músico incluye un pentagrama con los primeros compases de “Ridi, Pagliaccio [Ríe, payaso]”, el aria más célebre de Pagliacci, un éxito fulgurante tras su estreno en 1892.
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Leoncavallo, el Ave María para reconstruir Calabria
Hace un siglo, exactamente el 9 de agosto, en Montecatini Terme, al suroeste de Pistoya [Toscana], fallecía el compositor de ópera napolitano Ruggero Leoncavallo. Debe su fama a Pagliacci, el melodrama en dos actos de 1892 que, junto a Cavalleria rusticana de Pietro Mascagni (1890), constituye la reacción más contundente a Wagner y a la ópera romántica italiana. En ambas óperas surge la poética verista, esa en la que, como recita el Prólogo al inicio de Pagliacci, antes de que se levante el telón:
El autor ha intentado retratar
un atisbo de vida.
Tiene como única máxima que el artista
es un hombre y, por ende,
debe escribir para los hombres. Y debe inspirarse en la verdad.
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Luciano Pavarotti (1935-2007) interpreta el aria más célebre de Pagliacci, “Vesti la giubba [Ponte el traje]”, popularmente conocida como “Ridi, pagliaccio [Ríe, payaso]”. Representa el conmovedor momento en el que el payaso Canio se entera de la infidelidad de su esposa. Roto por el dolor, sin embargo debe salir a actuar. «Eres un payaso», canta: «Ponte el traje y maquíllate la cara. La gente paga y quiere reír… Ríe, payaso, y la gente aplaudirá». [Ver al final del artículo la interpretación de Plácido Domingo.]
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“La tierra de Calabria está constelada de santuarios marianos, expresión evidente de una piedad profundamente sentida y vivida”, dijo Juan Pablo II en el Ángelus del 12 de junio de 1988. Entre estos está la Virgen de la Montaña en Montalto Uffugo, en Cosenza. Consagrado en 1227, pero totalmente reestructurado a partir de finales del siglo XVIII, está situado fuera del casco antiguo. Los distintos traslados de su familia llevaron a Ruggero a esta ciudad a la edad de ocho años; aquí su padre, el magistrado real Vincenzo Leoncavallo, fue juez en una trágica historia de sangre que tuvo lugar el 5 de marzo de 1865 y que Ruggero recordará en Pagliacci.
En una especie de guía turística del Reino de Nápoles de hace dos siglos, en la voz “Montalto” se lee: “Ciudad sobre una colina, de aire bueno, diócesis de Cosenza, a 12 millas de distancia de esta ciudad. Pertenece al Ducado de Moncada. Anteriormente fue llamada Uffugo y era sede episcopal, pero debido a la gran disminución en el número de habitantes, se anexionó a la diócesis metropolitana de Cosenza. Produce grano, legumbres, frutos, vino, aceite y moras. Tiene minas de mármol blanco, azufre, plomo y vitriolo. Población: 4.499 habitantes” (G. M. Alfano, Istorica descrizione del regno di Napoli, Nápoles1823, pág. 170).
En la noche entre el 7 y el 8 de septiembre de 1905, un terremoto de gran magnitud asoló Calabria, destruyendo una zona muy amplia: desde Cosenza a Catanzaro, desde Reggio Calabria hasta las costas de Sicilia. La historia registra en este zona, que sigue estando “caracterizada por una gran sismicidad” según el Instituto Nacional de Geofísica y Vulcanología de Italia, algunos de los terremotos más fuertes: sobre todo el de 1905, localizado en el mar, de magnitud 7 y que produjo un enorme tsunami.
También la iglesia de Santa María de la Montaña en Montalto Uffugo sufrió importantes daños con el derrumbe del techo. El compositor, que desde 1904 vivía en Brissago, en el cantón Ticino (Suiza), se movilizó para recaudar fondos para los damnificados y para la reconstrucción de la iglesia.
Con este fin, precisamente allí, a orillas del Lago Maggiore, compuso en 1905 el Ave Maria en do mayor, “oración para tenor con acompañamiento de arpa y armonio ad lib”. Lo dedica a “Su Santidad Pío X Sumo Pontífice”, de quien recibe la siguiente carta manuscrita de agradecimiento: “A mi amado hijo, el ilustre profesor Ruggero Leoncavallo. Agradeciendo de corazón su santo pensamiento, aceptamos con la máxima satisfacción la dedicación de su trabajo. Y con el voto de que a través de la oración de los beneficiarios el cielo compense dicha obra de caridad, le impartimos con afecto paterno la Bendición Apostólica. Pius P.P. X».
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Cuando en 1905, pagándola con su dinero, se imprimió la composición en la Tipografía A. Trüb & Cie. di Aarau, Leoncavallo hizo imprimir en la tercera página la carta del gran Papa de la música sacra. A pie de página se lee: “Lo recaudado por la venta de las primeras ediciones de este Ave María está destinando en parte a los damnificados por el terremoto de Montalto Uffugo (Calabria), y en parte a la reconstrucción de la iglesia de la Virgen de la Montaña, también en Montalto Uffugo”.
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El Ave María de Leoncavallo, en la voz del tenor Luca Lupoli durante el Concierto de la Inmaculada del pasado 8 de diciembre en la iglesia de Santa Ana de los Lombardos, en Nápoles.
Durante casi todo el otoño y la primera parte del invierno el compositor se dedicó con gran constancia y dedicación, no sólo a dar tres conciertos benéficos, sino a enviar copias de su Ave María con una petición de donación, con el fin de reconstruir la iglesia de la Virgen de la Montaña. Una carta impresa dirigida “a todos mis amigos en todos los países” es enviada junto con la composición, por un coste de tres francos, a todos lo que tienen una relación epistolar con Leoncavallo en ese periodo.
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Entre ellos, la reciben Ernst von Hesse-Wartegg, viajero austriaco y prolífico autor, en esa época cónsul de Venezuela en Suiza, y su esposa Minnie Hauck, soprano estadounidense. Ambos vivían en Villa Triebschen, en el Lago de los Cuatro Cantones, en Lucerna, en la que fuera residencia de Wagner. Leoncavallo envía a la pareja diez copias, seguro de que “tu esposa no se negará”, como escribe en su carta de acompañamiento del 26 de octubre de 1905. Al cabo de un tiempo, interesado en ver la casa en la que vivió Wagner, fue a visitar al matrimonio.
El 13 de noviembre, Leoncavallo, en una carta a un destinatario no identificado, declaraba haber recaudado “30.000 francos” de “soberanos, príncipes, prelados, nobles y hombres de negocios” (Konrad Dryden, Leoncavallo. Life and Works, 2007, págs. 92-93).
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